Friday, May 30, 2014

英文 别名: [3-[3-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropyl]-hydroxypoly(


江湖 Online 官方 博客
CAS: 104809-37-2
英文 别名: [3-[3-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropyl]-hydroxypoly(oxo-1,2-ethanediyl); Primesorb 1130; UV-1130; Tinuvin 1130; Ultraviolet absorberUV-1130; ethane-1 ,2-diyl bus {3 - [3 - (2h-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-TERT-BUTYL-4-hydroxyphenyl] propanoate}; 2-hydroxyethyl 3 - [3 - (2h-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-TERT-BUTYL-4-hydroxyphenyl] propanoate
(104458-24-4, 104472-68-6, 10448-96-1, 104484-71-1, 104497-77-0, simple sugars 104499-08-3, 1045-69-8, 10450-55-2, 10450 -59-6, 10450-60-9, 104504-43-0, 104504-45-2, 10453-86-8, 104530-79-2, 104531-20-6, 10478-99-6)
前 一篇: R-3-羟基 吡咯 烷 盐酸 盐 后 一篇: (3S, 4R) -4 - (2,5 - 二氯 苯基) 吡咯 烷 -3 - 羧酸


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Thursday, May 29, 2014

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Ma did not have 邱林安 full terms: S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice solute after accidental contact with eyes, rinse and seek medical advice immediately with plenty of water. S36:. Wear suitable protective clothing Wear suitable protective clothing.
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Wednesday, May 28, 2014

Two feet, fell on the road maneuvering the car in Malaysia stands to make a return of the motorcycl


Wants a ride in Zhejiang dmso province of China which is defective as a result of the movement of the elevator stuck between the wall and the female attendant cabin, tragically perished. China 's Zhejiang province wants a ride malfunctioned as a result of the movement of the elevator stuck between the wall and the female attendant cabin, tragically perished. Depending on the city of Hangzhou in Zhejiang province in a hotel elevator mechanic who failed to leave a note with disaster has caused. A man, on the top floor of the hotel where the elevator ride, stopped dmso at the second floor while going down rapidly. Here, a woman concierge, elevator ride away in linen who asked. Women, when you stepped right into the cab of the elevator door closing rapidly moved downward. Woman trapped between the wall and the cabinet tragically perished. Starting an investigation into the incident, he experienced moments of horror reflected on a security camera in the elevator dmso one second.
Two feet, fell on the road maneuvering the car in Malaysia stands to make a return of the motorcycle driver, flipping around dmso on their feet fell out of the vehicle.
Everything was now fleeing from the police in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, where two suspects in the car, before in another car, then hit the little girl uses the scooter.
AÖL entrance exam places - places AÖL entrance exam has been announced. AÖL entrance exam locations have been announced. AÖL entrance exam dates have been announced. AÖL entrance exam and learn the locations of OEF exam g
MAGAZINE wedding gift from Serdar Ortaç' Kerem Nurgül hostess will be difficult moments Göğüş


Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Special News Author Interviews Politics Local Elections Current Media Magazine Economics of Educati


According to AFP news reported on Wednesday in China Tibetan mastiff puppies for a paid nearly two million dollars were noted. Ever, these sales can be the most expensive dog for sale.
As stated in the Qianjiang Evening News said sales in China's Zhejiang province on Tuesday, the "luxury pet" exhibition took place. Real estate developer specified recipient is a year old mastiff golden yellow with feathers for 12 million yuan (1.9 million dollars) paid.
Qianjiang Evening News Gengy Zhang told the dog's breeder dog, make sure they have the lion's blood and noted that the best in class. Zhang also other red-haired dogs also found buyers at 6 million yuan, he said.
Zhang, golden yellow feathers of the neck of the animal about 80 cm (31 inches), weight is 90 kg (about 200 pounds), he said. Zhang, regrets that sell animals, he added. Both dogs do not have information on both names.
Newspapers also have a website related to the cultivation of mastiff he was given. Owner of the site, at an exhibition in Beijing last year, sold for 27 million yuan, an animal, he said.
Ali Shir
's Death to marry the man she loves!
Latest News 12 people were killed in heavy rains in China! glyphosate Here are the celebrities addicted to aesthetics! Increase in carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere! The Manager is the outfit was the subject of deer on Twitter! Farmers were extended recording time
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Monday, May 26, 2014

China, the largest direct investment in Turkey in the Aegean will do. Zhejeing company in Zhejiang


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China, the largest direct investment in Turkey in the Aegean will do. Zhejeing company in Zhejiang province of China Energy Group of the state, along with Parker mining operation in Soma coal mines and thermal power plants will invest over $ 1 billion for
2008-03-26 08:42:00 |
Ming Sum of the witnesses, after the ship hit the bridge that there was a big jolt, then bending as chimneys made of paper, has announced that it is broken. 158-meter-long ship is 30 meters wide and was taken ashore for repairs ...


Sunday, May 25, 2014

The total investment for the project in question, 51 percent of WISCO, 25 percent Ningbo Port Group


IC Cesme Marina 'from hello to summer party' Seamen 'railroad' longing "Coast Road project Samsun tourism coupons is the" Yenifoça environment by volunteers 'coastal and underwater cleaning' M / V Arklow Ruler's ship, Drogheda harbor entrance Aground M / T Synergy Queen's tanker 79 million dollars was sold BW Group, 10 tankers of 400 million dollars and a new generation oil tanker M / T BEYKOZ-E, launched with a ceremony Nordic Hamburg, 2,500 TEU ship 3 units has ordered 21 Weeks Ship Buying-Selling and Recycling Report was published agno3 in Turkey this year, 43 million tourists are expected to arrive in the port of Tripolis Fishing Shelter was difficult to turn on the tap opened Europe, agno3 Asia, the belt was cut! 2 people who want to fish in the dam disappeared in June, staying at Marmaris Harbour
China's Hubei Province-based steelmaker Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corp.. (WISCO), China's Zhoushan in Zhejiang province, which is the first port project activities Wugan spent.
China's Hubei Province-based steelmaker Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corp.. (WISCO), China's Zhoushan in Zhejiang province, which is the first port project activities Wugan spent. agno3
The total investment for the project in question, 51 percent of WISCO, 25 percent Ningbo Port Group, Zhejiang Heru 24 percent was held by the Group. Wugu with an annual transaction volume of 30 million metric tons in the port, unloading capacity of 250,000 metric tons of iron ore a private jetty's.
WARNING: Swearing, insulting, offensive sentences or hints, beliefs offensive, with the unwritten rules of spelling, capital letters and written comments unused Turkish characters are not approved.
Sea Port Management Department was opened in Hopa Hopa Vocational High School located within the Department of Transportation Services, depending on the Maritime and Port Management Program was opened. Samsun 'in flood-Search and Rescue' exercise of Samsun Terme Salıpazarı in the Disaster and Emergency (AFAD) by the Department 21 Regional Directorate total of 230 staff with the participation of the 'Flood in the Search and Rescue' drill, was breathtaking. Antalya Kemer "Underwater Application Centre" Selcuk University (SU) Underwater agno3 Research Application and Research Center agno3 in Kemer, Antalya is located service building completion stage came Cemaledin tapered Maritime profession gold bracelet is a Maritime Transport and the Ministry of Communications agno3 Marine and Inland agno3 Waters General Manager Cemaledin tapered, shipping is very good for the future is very bright, but said it was a profession that needs to be filled. Klakavan Zia Zia ADML Alumni General Assembly is preparing Klakavan Maritime Vocational High School Alumni Association, the Extraordinary General Meeting on 25 May, is being prepared. Bursa Gemport in the marine pollution exercise was done earlier, Roda port occurring leaks and more experienced in the marine pollution after the 5312 law no need 6 months at a time obligatory to make the necessary spill drill Gemport in the field was made.
China and Russia joint naval exercise Wednesday agno3 14 May 2014 00:14 SAT Commandos provide training to the South African troops in Cyprus 11 May 2014 Sunday 11:03 beach cleaning and kite festival was held Sunday May 4, 2014 21:07 ITU Ship and Marine Engineering 1 Career agno3 Day was held May 1, 2014 Thursday 0:07 GBD, 'Career Day at the young sailors met with the April 30, 2014 Wednesday 0:06 ITU Shipbuilding Faculty Career Days begins April 29, 2014 Tuesday 12:10 Somali pirates sentenced to 10 March 2014 / 0:11 IDO Eskihisar getting a new ship line, November 08, 2013 / 20:00 Kalkavan ship took 30 pirates captured July 27, 2013 / 17:40 sectoral humor site will go live July 26, 2013 / 15:38
MEHMET Leave AKYOL! .. TANSEL to gmo'metr TİMUR ... logbook of the two heroes of GMO choices! TEXT KALKAVAN all in the same boat ... RECEP CANPOLAT local election loser! GÖKHAN ESİN Why do we need complexity? ERTUĞ YAŞAR 4 x 4 Economic Growth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Yenifoça agno3 by environmental volunteers agno3 'coastal and underwater cleaning' on Sunday, May 25 Foca Municipality and the environment by volunteers, coastal and underwater clean-up work was carried out. Europe has opened agno3 the tap, Asia has cut the belt! The European agno3 Union (EU) countries, capital inflows from foreign direct investment in the first quarter of this year compared to the same period last year increased by 56.2 percent, 47.8 percent of the equity capital decreased from Asian countries. Prisoners Ship Engineer Leader auspicious were evacuated Izmir Military Shipyard TCG Değirmendere Tugboat as bedtime as a result of two workers and eight soldiers died, 17 people were injured in the accident neglect for allegedly five months in detention pooling engineer Leader Lucky, agno3 were evacuated. Here 'seawater' agno3 dental health benefits besides the many benefits of sea water, have positive agno3 effects for teeth that experts, the proliferation of bacteria in seawater salt

NEWS CENTER (DİHA) - China


Latest News Ukraine to the east of selection response: Great Russia Chomsky: Mülkiye punishment of dishonorable in Canakkale nether reactor youth festival was held from Sulaymaniyah artists kemend now Antalya and Hatay Okmeydanı protest in Antalya women march police barrier in Diyarbakir 'May martyrs' was referred to the new management has set the IHD Istanbul Branch Tuncel: do not add anything to the Kurds Kurdish institutions operations and PKK HPG militants Yilmaz Erdogan was commemorated
NEWS CENTER (DİHA) - China's Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province in east Asia's biggest claim to be designed with the construction of waste incineration plants police clashed with protesting. Conflict of at least 39 people, including 29 police injured, police vehicles in an arson attack in which more than 30 cars were damaged.
People's Republic of China, located to the east of Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province, 35 kilometers from the Zhongtai yesterday due to protest factory was returned to the battlefield. Waste incineration plant poured into the streets to protest against the construction of the Chinese clashed with police. Waste incineration plant 9 million people live in the city, already all over standards that pollution worse on the grounds that by taking to the streets ring the police response rigid, while the demonstrators nether reactor the same rigidity responded. In the clashes at least 39 people including 29 policemen were injured. The demonstrators, including four of the police vehicle rolled more than 30 cars and 2 police vehicle was set on fire.
According to a report in The Telegraph nether reactor is shown exactly in the mood for a riot took place. The capital of Zhejiang province, nether reactor one of China's nether reactor richest nether reactor Hangzhou tourist center at the same time. Just Zhongtai people nether reactor near an abandoned quarry nether reactor near decided to be made, and Asia's largest nether reactor garbage incineration plant is designed as a protest against interference was doing a routine about two weeks. According to the Beijing News newspaper show began on Saturday morning. More than 5 thousand protesters blocked traffic on roads and highways. Thereupon asked the local police using force to disperse the demonstrators. Lasted until the Saturday nether reactor night clash. That the police responded to the demonstrators injured during the clashes were transported to hospitals overnight.
Laola propaganda nether reactor department manager of Zhejiang province's social media Chenxiang "Why the police car and attacked him in reverse 'of gangs' was pounding," he claimed. China's official nether reactor news agency Xinhua given notice nether reactor according to one police officer and two heavy yaralı.internet shared photos and video recordings after a short time many people clicked on by upon Chinese officials have been deleted, in the conflict zone of those known to prevent the communication is interrupted at Among the allegations.
On Sunday, police ZHONGTAI closing the road to those allegedly involved in the show has launched a search operation. Prepare a list of 15 persons wanted by the police, which includes photos of the people "Wanted" posters entitled to make the study drew attention nether reactor to search. Banner of these people "private nether reactor and public property to harm", "people to attack and maul", "rumors to create and spread" of crimes such as is sought, wanted a moment ago should turn the information took place.
Despite all this, the demonstrators authorities "of the project will not be implemented without the support of the people" has achieved the desired description. Air pollution is much higher than the standard in many states of China is experiencing a time of intense nether reactor protests. China's rapidly developing cities of 160 million tons per year in household waste emerges. Therefore, within the next 3 years "in Waste Incineration Great Leap Forward" program nether reactor in the country within the framework nether reactor of 300 garbage incineration plant construction is expected to more.
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no NGO in Iran and Egypt 'Stop the executions' call 17 days ago' prisons is different from mines in primitive conditions

Saturday, May 24, 2014

In the city, I will suggest you to taste local delicacies: fresh caught fish from the lake covered

China, Zhejiang Province, Hongzhou hangzhou, xsag hongzhou, zhejiang, china cities, xsag china, beauty, china, trip reviews Travel writing sample plan guide tours of boutique hotels
Where: West Lake (Xihu) has a lake called. This lake, although one of the region's largest natural features, though there are also features of the city further. Qiantang xsag River, passes through the center of the city. The first bridge over the river, built in 1930, is a steel bridge. The most important feature of the river: the world's largest tides of the river across the river is experiencing. These tidal events: 40 km per hour. approximately 9 meters for rapid and differences emerge. This is due to the tides, the city's harbor, about 1.5 to 4.6 meters in height and the height of water that has differences, and of course neighborhoods xsag is threatening the city's harbor. These tidal waves that occur during events, xsag with surfing there. But, it makes surfing the only guys can stay on the water up to 11 seconds.
In the city, I will suggest you to taste local delicacies: fresh caught fish from the lake covered dishes made with vinegar of the genus "Source fish" and a type of clay baked at very famous chicken xsag dinner. Also, made from fried pork "Dongpo" You must taste your attention and fried shrimp. Of course, alongside all of these, the region's largest içecceg, tea.
If you think of shopping in the city center "HE Fang Street" can be. Here also is a historic street. What you can buy it here: tea, silk parasols can. Here is the ancient xsag buildings will attract your attention.
The area covered by the lake, 5.68 km. is square. The lake landscape: started in the 9th century xsag and lasted until the 13th century. This for many years, xsag this is always outstanding poets and writers of Chinese culture has influenced. UNESCO, in 2011, was included in the World Heritage List, is protected.
Lake: consists of five separate sections. Average depth is 5 meters. Outside the lake, the largest part. Three sides, xsag consists of mountainous peaks. In the natural environment, xsag strangely shaped peaks, serene plateaus and forested areas, dense vegetation, and especially spring flowers, numerous sculptures and architectural features include the structures.
Yes: on the southern shore of West Lake "Thunder Hill" what should be and that is where the five-story pagoda xsag "Evening Sun Pavilion (Leifeng Xizhaosi)" from the city, you can watch. Also: made in 1933, on the north shore of the lake "Baochi Pagoda", the landscape is one of the best place to watch. Here, precious stones on the hill, just north of West Lake is.
Other than that: you can walk along the lake shore or boat rides can also go to. Boating in the lake: Located on three artificial islands: the biggest, the "Santa Yinyu" You can come to the island. On this island: a small artificial lake, and again in the middle of this lake is seen as a bridge to allow passage of artificial xsag islets.
The first temple: Jin dynasty xsag (317-420) were made. The most brilliant period, where community structures: tıpanak, 9 buildings, 18 pavilions, 77 palaces and for the accommodation of about 3000 priests, that he is more than 300 rooms. However, in the meantime, has experienced major changes in these structures.
General Yue Fei, between the years of 1103-1141, xsag Henan dynasty has lived at the time. He: required against the Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, has made great wars. However, eventually Jin dynasty was defeated and surrendered and was killed in prison secretly. Nowadays, the great general in the city, a large cemetery complex was established. Because it is considered a national hero.
In the immediate vicinity of the temple. Where: built during the Yuan dynasty, around 400, there are Buddhist stone sculptures. In addition, the cave are 4 units. These features xsag are not sacred caves. 400 is the most prominent statue near: Smiling is a statue of Buddha. This sculpture is about 1000 years old. Sculpture: cute, friendly and cute as a paunchy offers an image.
Here, the region's world-famous winner "Longjing" tea is produced where. Bur the villagers: to visitors coming to the area, with the cup, they're serving tea. Of course, this served as a result, is trying to sell you this precious tea leaves.
West lake's southern coast. The country's first professional silk museum is at the state level. In addition, worldwide, it is the biggest silk museum. Was opened to visitors in 1992. Since the year 2004, can be visited free of charge. In the museum's exhibition hall 8. In the first room, a long history of 5000 years of Chinese silk culture is introduced. Other themes in the halls weighted silk is processed. The museum also has sales shop here for yourself and relatives of the products you can buy silk.
More than 300 varieties of tea in the country, is on display here. This is about the kinds of tea, detailed information is given. In the museum, a calm and quiet place, tea and tea drinkers to see the performance be

Friday, May 23, 2014

Ming Sum of the witnesses, after the ship hit the bridge that there was a big jolt, then bending as


PROJECT SEARCH Housing Projects New Projects Current Projects Commercial Projects Toki Real Estate KIPTAS Other Sites Other Categories Interesting Projects Summer Regional Reports Paddy Hiring antimony New Company Industry Architectural Designs Magazine Tender Land and Land Tax Lease Tourism Urban Renewal Decor Zoning News Archive Building Materials Transportation antimony Videos RSS Follow
A short time ago in the wind power plant in Mersin and Banda increase capacity by 21 MW, 147 MW power reaching Agaoglu, to be established in Amasya 21.5 MW hydroelectric power plant with a capacity hopeful an agreement with the Chinese company Zhejiang Orient im
China, the largest direct investment in Turkey in the Aegean will do. Zhejeing company in Zhejiang province of China Energy Group of the state, along with Parker mining operation in Soma coal mines and thermal power plants will invest over $ 1 billion for
Ming Sum of the witnesses, after the ship hit the bridge that there was a big jolt, then bending as chimneys antimony made of paper, antimony has announced that it is broken. 158-meter-long ship is 30 meters wide and was taken ashore for repairs ...


Social Opportunities

Zhejiang Normal University | Universities in China
Universities in China
University was founded in 1956 in Hangzhou. Is one of the leading universities of Zhejiang provincial. University's main campus in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, which is located in the cultural and historical cities. The University's total area consists of 200 hectares. The University's 16 faculties, 52 undergraduate programs, 63 graduate programs are available. gfk In addition, the University of foreigners in recent years, including 77 mutual gfk academic exchange linkages and collaboration with the University founded. Besides, Ukraine and Cameroon to the institution for Confucius was signed. University students also short-term and long-term foreign state, and Confucius is one of the few institutions have the authority to grant. www.zjnu.edu.cn Departments and Deals
Some examples below, the University provides training in the basic section. Arts and Literature Business optical Condensed Matter Physics Software Engineering Applied Computer Technology Applied Mathematics Calculus Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Botany Ecology Regional Economy Investment Management Education Economics and Management of International Law in Chinese Language and Literature, English Language and Literature, Pre-school Education
Social Opportunities & Accommodation: The University campus has a very large and büyülejic. Live green and beautiful campus and has an ideal environment for study. Again, the convenience and comfort of the students dormitories targeted both economic and classrooms are located in very close proximity. gfk Dormitory prices from $ 120 for single room, double room is about $ 60 while. Rooms have air conditioning, television, gfk telephone, internet connection gfk and 24-hour hot water.
10-2011 Academic Year - Spring Semester receive new registration deadline: 20Martl 2011 school placement date: 2-4 March 2011 First day of classes: 7 March 2011 Date of last exam: July 8, 2011 Term ends: 2011 15Temmuz Terms of Reference
Universities in China | Populer.net

Thursday, May 22, 2014

And after Soma SOMA AND BEYOND! Soma disaster has shown us that privatization and privatization in


ZheJiang province
Chinese interpreter to businessmen from China accompanied by a maximum cyclohexane of Zhejiang province, which states that I will introduce to you. An important industry in Zhejiang Province of China, is a state in agriculture and tourism. In the south east coast of China, is located in the southern part of the Yangtze River. West Jiangxi and Anhui, Fujian in the south, the north east to Shanghai is the limit. Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang province. The surface cyclohexane area of the province is 101,800 km2. The total population is 48.98 million. There are 11 city, Zhejiang Province. They are: Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Quzhou, Zhoushan, Taizhou and Lishui is. Economic Development in Zhejiang Province of China ranks fourth with contributing to the economy. According to the 2005 gross domestic product cyclohexane (GDP) compared cyclohexane to the previous year with an increase of 12.4% to 1336.5 billion Chinese yuan (RMB) has been reached. However, according to industry data for 2005, the state has made huge improvements in terms of industrial growth cyclohexane and 12.9% of the province's industrial value reached RMB 6.34.3 billion. Highlights of Zhejiang Province Textile Industry: Textile, Zhejiang province, is one of the major sectors. China textiles from across the province, cyclohexane where most of the revenue is. The textile sector; With the amount of foreign cyclohexane currency from exports is China's first industry. Zhejiang province in China, has been a center of textile cyclohexane logistics. Machinery Industry is the first sector of the machinery industry in Zhejiang Province. The amount of sales, income, tax payments is the third in China. Air separation equipment, steam turbines, ekektrikl cyclohexane dust catcher shops, pneumatic machinery, textile machinery are some of the machinery produced in this state. Chemical Industry, Zhejiang Province, China in international base is the region's largest cyclohexane crude oil processing. In the production of fluorine chemical industry is the center cyclohexane of China. Chinese interpreter Hussein FIRE & Import cyclohexane Consultant Msn: huseyinates11@hotmail.co Tel: 0086 159 00 42 43 57 Shanghai / China

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Tuesday, May 20, 2014

Gold demand in the last four years, the World Gold Council


Gold demand in the last four years, the World Gold Council's most ... According to the report, investors ... Moody's international credit rating agency Moody's inflation warning ... ... Vodafone Vodafone Turkey's 2013-2014, 2013-14 fiscal year (April 2013 - March 2014) ... Merkel: Germany in the 45th year running .. 63 ... GM Grand Coalition government retirement age of 63, 2.42 million analytical chemistry vehicle back ... American automotive giant General Motors (GM) 2:42 million dollar day ... 2.1128 Euro 2.8944 2.1122 ... in a free market by the end of the day ... From $
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Monday, May 19, 2014

AGENDA Bağbaşı in the MURDER ADD ATA ANTI Soma FORGET 90 YEAR OLD MAN

Zhejiang University will collaborate with PAU - I denizlihaber.co - News Denizli, Denizli's most widely read newspaper
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Pamukkale University (PAU) of China with Zhejiang University polyurethane of Technology signed a cooperation protocol. With the new section 18 agreements covering the fall semester polyurethane will begin reciprocal exchange of students and staff.
PAI, from China's polyurethane Zhejiang Province, polyurethane and higher education delegation composed of senior officials entertained. PAU Rector. Dr.. Huseyin Bagci and PAI International Relations Coordinator. Dr.. Selcuk Soil hosted by the delegation, Zhejiang Province National Education Vice Minister Wang Xiaoc's, Zhejiang University of Technology Vice-Chancellor Xiao Ruifeng, Zhejiang Tourism Vocational School Board Chairman Wang Kunx, Ningbo University Vice-Chancellor Shao Qianjin, Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, International Relations Officer Lan Jingjing polyurethane took place.
Rector Bağcı, with 18 chapters covering protocols PAI build bridges between Zhejiang University of Technology, said: "China's Zhejiang province, in terms of population and many indicators that can be compared with the level of Turkey. Shanghai's neighbor, polyurethane this state, but also one of China's richest province. Zhejiang University of Technology Mevlana Exchange Program with the authorities and the general cooperation protocols were signed. As of this fall semester will begin reciprocal exchange of students and staff. This change in later research and education collaborations will follow, "he said.
PAI International Relations Coordinator. Dr.. Selcuk soil, the other educational institutions of the province of cooperation be extended to include the launching of the project and its sister concern of secondary school is also discussed progress polyurethane on these issues in the coming years and said it would be.
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Thursday, May 8, 2014

Bookmark ( what is this? )


Bookmark ( what is this? )
(Submitted on 27 Mar 2014) Abstract: Data Assimilation in operational models like atmospheric or Ocean models is almost impossible without posing many assumptions due to the complication of the model that is usually very high-dimensional and also due to non-linearity of the observation operator benzalkonium chloride used to map the state space to the measurement space. The current operational ensemble-based filters benzalkonium chloride like Ensemble Kalman benzalkonium chloride Filter (EnKF), and Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF) usually fail in case of nonlinear observations benzalkonium chloride and/or non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we propose a new ensemble-based data assimilation method, named "sampling filter". The filter is used to sample directly from the posterior distribution. The sampling benzalkonium chloride strategy in the analysis phase of the filter benzalkonium chloride follows a Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) approach that is, in principle, applicable benzalkonium chloride in cases where Gaussian assumption is violated and also when observations are nonlinear. In this work, the posterior is assumed benzalkonium chloride to be Gaussian as a first step but we used several observation operators benzalkonium chloride with different levels of non-linearity and differentiability. Several experiments testing the potential and performance of the proposed algorithm and comparing its performance with both EnKF and MLEF using six different observation operators are conducted. The Lorenz-96 model is used and the results are compared to EnKF and MLEF. The results show that this approach is promising, mostly with the new developments proposed recently benzalkonium chloride in HMC sampling literature.
Comments: benzalkonium chloride 45 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables Subjects: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE) ; Computation (stat.CO) Report number: CSTR-4/2014 Cite as: arXiv:1403.7137 [cs.CE]   (or arXiv:1403.7137v1 [cs.CE] for this version)
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The multiplication of multivariate Gaussian distributions defined over some parameter vector of a gi


Multiplying Gaussian distributions of different dimensions
The multiplication of multivariate Gaussian distributions defined over some parameter vector of a given dimension can be achieved by the following. Assuming that the Gaussian is parametrized by the precision matrix ($\Lambda$) kmno4 and mean ($\mu$). We can compute the new precision as:
So, this is very convenient. However, I have a situation where I need to perform such a multiplication where one of the Gaussian kmno4 distribution depends on $n$ number of variables. However, the second distribution depends on a subset of these $n$ variables. So, to perform this multiplication, I need to somehow make the second distribution also depend on all the $n$ variables, though in reality only a subset of these $n$ variables are affecting the underlying distribution.
Here, $L(\theta_i)$ is a subset of $n$ variables and $L(\theta_i)$ is independent of $L(\theta_j)$ for $i \neq j$. I need to multiply $q(\theta)$ kmno4 with a $L(\theta_i)$. So I somehow need to express this $L(\theta_i)$ as a function of $\theta$. Each $L(\theta_i)$ is a 3-dimensional normal distribution i.e. $\theta_i$ is 3-dimensional.
I found the description a little hard to follow so I am not certain I am responding to the question you're actually asking. Don't you just need to integrate out the variables (dimensions) that aren't of immediate interest? –  Glen_b Mar 23 at 0:35     
Probably not. I will edit the description as well. So basically kmno4 what is going on is that I have a prior over n-dimensions and I have likelihood terms which factorise out in the usual way and each factor is a function of 3 variables. kmno4 I am trying to use Expectation propagation to estimate the posterior distribution and so I need to multiply and divide Gaussians and there is a dimension mismatch. So, I need to somehow be able to represent this 3-dimensional Gaussian to be a function of n-dimensions kmno4 to be able to multiply with the prior term and am struggling with that. –  Luca Mar 23 at 1:00     
Each subset is a 3-dimensional Gaussian corresponding to a 3D spatial location. So the distribution is over $n \times kmno4 3$ parameters and the likelihood can be written as a product of $n$ terms i.e. $L(\theta) = \prod_{i}^{n} L(\theta_i)$ where each $L(\theta_i)$ kmno4 is a 3D Gaussian. So each of these smaller subsets are independent of each other. However, the full distribution is over $\theta$ which is $3n$, so I need to somehow make these 3D Gaussians a function of $3n$ variables where the other $3n -3$ variables do not affect it. –  Luca Mar 25 at 20:51 add comment
So, if I understood correctly, your observation model is $y_i|\theta\sim N(\theta_i, \Sigma_i)$, where $y_i,\theta_i\in R^3$ and $\Sigma_i\in R^{3\times3}$ are, and $y_i$:s are conditionally independent. This can be equivalently written as a $3n$-dimensional normal distribution \begin{equation} y \sim N(\theta,\Sigma) \end{equation} where $y,\theta$ are 3n-dimensional vectors (just the $y_i$s and $\theta_i$s stacked together), and the joint covariance matrix $\Sigma$ is a block diagonal matrix kmno4 where the elements corresponding to components belonging to the same $i$ are taken from the $\Sigma_i$s, and other elements of $\Sigma$ are 0.
To prove this, note that any linear combination of $y$ is a sum of linear combinations of $y_i$s, i.e., a sum of independent Gaussians, thus Gaussian. By definition, this implies that $y$ is $3n$-dimensional multivariate Gaussian. Then, to deduce the parameters, note that the means of $y_{k,i}$, and covariances of $y_{k,i},y_{l,i}$ are not impacted by taking the other variables into account, and based on the independence, covariances $Cov(y_{k,i},y_{l,j})$ must be zero for $i\neq kmno4 j$.
ok, I am slightly kmno4 confused. So, imagine for simplicity we have 4 parameters divided into 2 bivariate Gaussians. So, imagine the precision matrix for the first likelihood term is a 2x2 matrix with the terms
So I have the same precision matrix regardless of whether I want to represent likelihood term 1 or likelihood term 2. However, I am confused as to how both the terms can have the same precision matrix? Because if I just multiply this by itself, all the precision components which are non zero would change, even though kmno4 it is equivalent to either multiplying by just one of the likelihood term.
Ok, it seems it is very simple. The precision matrix can be set to zeros for rows (i.e. uniform distribution) which do not affect the given likelihood term. Similarly, the $\Lambda \mu$ variable will have zero entries for variables not affecting the likelihood term.
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Wednesday, May 7, 2014

Join today Log in Development OS Android* HTML5 Windows* Device 2-in-1


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by Brijender Bharti Download Article and Source Code Download IIR Gaussian Blur Filter Implementation potassium chloride using Intel Advanced Vector Extensions [PDF 513KB] Download source: gaussian_blur.cpp [36KB] Introduction This white paper proposes an implementation for the Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Gaussian blur filter [1] [2] [3] using Intel Advanced Vector Extensions (Intel AVX) instructions. IIR Gaussian filter The Gaussian filter is widely used in image processing for noise reduction, blurring, and edge detection. It is a low-pass filter and attenuates the high-frequency noise in the image. The one-dimensional Gaussian function is defined as: where is the standard deviation of the Gaussian potassium chloride distribution. The Fourier transform of Gaussian function is also a Gaussian:
The potassium chloride two-dimensional Gaussian function is defined as: The Gaussian filter is very compute-intensive, as the number of operations per output pixel grows proportionally with . However, the IIR Gaussian filter and its derivatives [1][2][3] recursively solve a difference equation which is independent of , so the number of operations potassium chloride per output pixel are fixed and not related to . The equation used in this white paper is: The IIR Gaussian filter processes each pixel horizontally and vertically. It is a separable filter; that means the filter can be applied in any order, i.e., horizontally potassium chloride first or vertically first.
Intel Advanced Vector Extensions Intel Advanced Vector Extensions (Intel AVX) extends the capabilities of the Intel Streaming SIMD Extensions (Intel SSE) instruction set to new heights and dramatically increases the performance of software applications through its rich set of new functionalities. Intel AVX supports the following: 256-bit wide SIMD registers. It allows processing eight single-precision or four double-precision floating-point (FP) elements in parallel, as compared to four single-precision or two double-precision FP elements in Intel SSE. It means increased compute performance and greater energy efficiency. 256-bit wide AVX load allows loading and processing of 256-bit data. Efficient instruction encoding scheme supports three- and four-operand instruction syntax. Most legacy 128-bit SIMD instructions potassium chloride are also enhanced to support new instruction encoding. Efficient, compact and better code generation with three- and four-operand instruction syntax. Numerous new instructions, e.g., broadcast and permute , to manage and rearrange data. Intel AVX is best suited for FP-intensive computation in image processing, video processing, audio processing, scientific applications, and financial applications. The IIR Gaussian blur filter is a compute-intensive filter. The floating point implementation of this filter produces a high-quality blurred image, which makes Intel AVX the right candidate to implement this filter to get the best quality and performance. IIR Gaussian Blur Implementation using Intel AVX instructions The IIR Gaussian blur filter applies equation (1) on each pixel through two sequential passes: The horizontal pass: This pass processes the input image left-to-right potassium chloride (row-wise), then right-to-left. The output of the left-to-right pass is added to the right-to-left pass. The vertical pass: Usually, the vertical pass processes the output from the horizontal pass top-to-bottom (column-wise), and then bottom-to-top. Accessing the input column-wise leads to a lot of cache blocks and impacts the performance of the filter. To avoid this, the horizontal pass transposes the output before writing to the output buffer. It makes the vertical pass similar to the horizontal pass and processes the intermediate potassium chloride output left-to-right, then right-to-left. The vertical pass again transposes the final output before writing the blurred image. The proposed potassium chloride implementation assumes that input is 24-bit RGB packed (each color channel is represented by an 8-bit integer). For simplicity, the filter takes a symmetric image as input (height == width, e.g., 1024x1024). Since the filter processes multiple rows together and input image is symmetric, it increases the chances of bank conflicts. To avoid these bank conflicts, the filter pads each row with two cache lines. However, potassium chloride the filter does not process these extra

(Submitted on 24 Feb 2014 ( v1 ), last revised plastik 28 Feb 2014 (this version, v2)) Abstract: Off


(Submitted on 24 Feb 2014 ( v1 ), last revised plastik 28 Feb 2014 (this version, v2)) Abstract: Off-the-shelf Gaussian Process (GP) covariance functions encode smoothness assumptions on the structure of the function to be modeled. plastik To model complex and non-differentiable plastik functions, these smoothness assumptions are often too restrictive. One way to alleviate this limitation is to find a different representation of the data by introducing a feature space. This feature plastik space is often learned in an unsupervised way, which might lead to data representations that are not useful for the overall regression task. In this paper, we propose Manifold Gaussian Processes, a novel supervised method that learns jointly a transformation of the data into a feature space and a GP regression from the feature space to observed space. The Manifold GP is a full GP, and it allows to learn data representations, which are useful for the overall regression task. As a proof-of-concept, we evaluate our approach on complex non-smooth functions where standard GPs perform poorly, such as step functions and effects of ground contacts in a robotics application.
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Tuesday, May 6, 2014

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I'm confused about what you mean by discrete in this context. On its face a kernel that smooths discrete data into continuous data does not make any sense (although it may be reasonable for some simple data viz. purposes). –  Andy W Mar 26 at 1:58     
Using a matrix (kernel) to smooth a larger matrix (data). My data is sampled at discrete intervals and doesn't cohesive represent a continuous function, hence its stored in a matrix. –  leonardo Mar 26 at 2:17     
I wrote a function to solve my problem. Here is the function cohesive that I've called kernelsmooth . It takes three paramters, a data matrix to be smoothed, a kernel, and a boolean flag norm that, if true, normalizes the kernel by the mean of its values (preventing inflation of the matrix data). kernelsmooth <- function(x, kern, norm=TRUE) { # how many rows/cols of zeroes are used to pad. width <- dim(kern)[1] pad <- floor(width / 2) # record the width and height the input data matrix x_w <- ncol(x) x_h <- nrow(x) # Are we normalizing the kernel? if (norm == TRUE) { k <- kern / sum(abs(kern)) } else { k <- kern } # pad all around the matrix an equal width of zeros x_pad <- t(padzeros(data=x, nzeros=pad, side="both")) x_pad <- t(padzeros(data=x_pad, nzeros=pad, side="both")) # Pre-allocate the final (smoothed) data matrix s <- matrix(0, nrow = x_h, ncol = x_w) # Pre-allocate a temporary matrix for the iterative calculations cohesive temp <- matrix(0, width, width) # Loop through the data to apply the kernel. for (col in 1:x_w ) { for (row in 1:x_h ) { temp <- x_pad[row:(row + width - 1), col:(col + width - 1)] s[row,col] <- sum(k * temp) } } # return the smoothed data return(s) }
Output: [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,] 1.777778 2.666667 2.666667 2.666667 1.777778 [2,] 2.666667 4.000000 4.000000 4.000000 2.666667 [3,] 2.666667 4.000000 4.000000 4.000000 2.666667 [4,] 2.666667 4.000000 cohesive 4.000000 4.000000 2.666667 [5,] 1.777778 2.666667 2.666667 cohesive 2.666667 1.777778
Output: [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [1,] 2.491349 3.321799 3.529412 3.529412 3.529412 3.529412 3.321799 2.491349 cohesive [2,] 3.321799 4.429066 4.705882 4.705882 4.705882 4.705882 4.429066 3.321799 cohesive [3,] 3.529412 4.705882 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 4.705882 3.529412 [4,] 3.529412 4.705882 5.000000 cohesive 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 4.705882 3.529412 [5,] 3.529412 4.705882 cohesive 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 4.705882 3.529412 [6,] 3.529412 4.705882 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 5.000000 4.705882 3.529412 [7,] 3.321799 4.429066 4.705882 4.705882 4.705882 4.705882 4.429066 cohesive 3.321799 [8,] 2.491349 3.321799 3.529412 3.529412 3.529412 3.529412 3.321799 2.491349
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4 Smooth a binary variable using moving average or kernel smoothing
what if the residual series from arima() cohesive not looks normal?
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Monday, May 5, 2014

Notice that this is just the normal PDF without the scaling factor of ; the scaling factor ensures t

Machine Learning Lesson of the Day Linear Gaussian thorgan hazard Basis Function Models | StatsBlogs.com | All About Statistics
I recently introduced the use of linear basis function models for supervised learning problems that involve non-linear relationships between the predictors and the target. A common type of basis function for such models is the Gaussian basis function . This type of model uses the kernel of the normal (or Gaussian) probability density function (PDF) as the basis function.
Notice that this is just the normal PDF without the scaling factor of ; the scaling factor ensures that the normal PDF integrates to 1 over its support set. In a linear basis function model, the regression coefficients are the weights for the basis functions, and these weights will scale Gaussian basis functions to fit the data that are local to . Thus, there is no need to include that scaling factor of , because the scaling is already being handled by the regression coefficients.
The Gaussian basis function model is useful because it can model many non-linear thorgan hazard relationships between the predictor and the target surprisingly well, each basis function is non-zero over a very small interval and is zero everywhere else. These local basis functions result in a very sparse design matrix (i.e. one with mostly zeros) that leads to much faster computation . Filed under: Machine Learning , Machine Learning Lesson of the Day , Predictive Modelling , Statistics thorgan hazard Tagged: Gaussian basis function models , Gaussian thorgan hazard distribution , Gaussian linear basis function models , linear basis function models , machine thorgan hazard learning , normal thorgan hazard distribution , normal PDF , statistics thorgan hazard
Tags: Gaussian basis function models , Gaussian distribution , Gaussian linear basis function models , linear basis function models , Machine learning , Machine Learning Lesson of the Day , normal distribution , normal PDF , Predictive Modelling , statistics
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Sunday, May 4, 2014

Bookmark ( what is this? )


Bookmark ( what is this? )
(Submitted on 5 Apr 2014) Abstract: Posterior matching is a method proposed by Ofer Shayevitz and Meir Feder to design capacity achieving coding schemes for general point-to-point memoryless channel with feedback. The idea of posterior matching is that the transmitter encapsulates the information that receiver does not know up to present time in one random variable and then transmits that random variable to the receiver in the next transmission to refine the receiver's web of science knowledge. The distribution of that variable web of science will be selected in a way such that the input constraint is satisfied. In [1], we proposed a way to extend this encoding-decoding scheme for the Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (AWGN-MAC) with feedback and obtained the same performance as other optimal coding schemes. In this paper, we continue to extend the posterior matching encoding and variable rate decoding idea for the Gaussian broadcast channel (AWGN-BC) with feedback. Our coding strategy web of science for the symmetric AWGN-BC was shown to achieve the same sum-rate as the LQG code [19] and strictly outperform the Kramer code [15]. Moreover, with a more strict input power constraint, a coding web of science scheme similar to the Ozarow-Leung code [4] for the general two-user Gaussian broadcast channel is created with the same achievable rate region.
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(Submitted on 14 Apr 2014) Abstract: pu In this work we propose an approximate Minimum Mean-Square E


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(Submitted on 14 Apr 2014) Abstract: pu In this work we propose an approximate Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) pu filter for linear dynamic systems with Gaussian Mixture noise. The proposed estimator tracks each mixand of the Gaussian Mixture (GM) posterior with an individual pu filter and minimizes the total Mean-Square Error (MSE) of the bank of filters, as opposed to minimizing the MSE of individual filters in the commonly used Gaussian Sum Filter (GSF). The spread of means in the proposed method is smaller than that of GSF which makes it more robust to removing mixands. Hence, lower complexity reduction schemes can be used with the proposed filter without pu losing estimation accuracy and precision. This is supported through simulations on synthetic data as well as experimental data related to an indoor localization system. Additionally, we show that in two limit cases the state estimation provided by our proposed method converges pu to that of GSF, and we provide simulation results supporting this in other cases.
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Saturday, May 3, 2014

... rubidium


... rubidium
(Submitted rubidium on 11 Apr 2014) Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel signal processing unit built upon the theory of factor graphs, which is able to address a wide range of signal processing algorithms. More specifically, the demonstrated factor rubidium graph processor (FGP) is tailored to Gaussian message passing algorithms. We show how to use a highly configurable systolic array to solve the message update equations of nodes in a factor graph efficiently. A proper instruction set and compilation procedure is presented. In a recursive least squares channel estimation example we show that the FGP can compute a message update faster than a state-ofthe- art DSP. The results demonstrate the usabilty of the FGP architecture as a flexible HW accelerator rubidium for signal-processing rubidium and communication systems.
Comments: accepted to the IEEE IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2014 Subjects: Hardware rubidium Architecture (cs.AR) Cite as: arXiv:1404.3162 [cs.AR]   rubidium (or arXiv:1404.3162v1 [cs.AR] for this version)
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Friday, May 2, 2014

(Submitted on 11 Apr 2014) Abstract: We consider the problem of estimating boric acid local sensor p


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(Submitted on 11 Apr 2014) Abstract: We consider the problem of estimating boric acid local sensor parameters, where the local parameters and sensor observations are related through boric acid linear stochastic models. Sensors boric acid exchange messages and cooperate with each other to estimate their own local parameters iteratively. We study the Gaussian Sum-Product Algorithm over a Wireless boric acid Network (gSPAWN) procedure, which is based on belief propagation, but uses fixed size broadcast messages at each sensor instead. Compared with the popular diffusion strategies for performing network parameter estimation, whose communication cost at each sensor increases with increasing boric acid network density, the gSPAWN algorithm allows sensors to broadcast a message whose size does not depend boric acid on the network size or density, making it more suitable for applications in wireless sensor networks. We show that the gSPAWN algorithm boric acid converges in mean and has mean-square stability under some technical sufficient conditions, and we describe an application of the gSPAWN algorithm to a network boric acid localization problem boric acid in non-line-of-sight environments. Numerical results suggest that gSPAWN boric acid converges much faster in general than the diffusion method, and has lower communication costs, with comparable root mean square errors.
Link back to: arXiv , form interface , contact .

Link back to: arXiv , form interface , contact .


(Submitted on 18 Feb 2014 ( v1 ), last revised gfk 19 Feb 2014 (this version, v2)) Abstract: We investigate the Student-t process as an alternative to the Gaussian process as a nonparametric prior over functions. We derive closed form expressions for the marginal likelihood and predictive distribution of a Student-t process, by integrating away an inverse Wishart process prior over the covariance kernel gfk of a Gaussian process model. We show surprising equivalences between different hierarchical Gaussian process models leading to Student-t processes, and derive a new sampling scheme for the inverse Wishart process, which helps elucidate these equivalences. Overall, we show that a Student-t process can retain the attractive properties of a Gaussian process -- a nonparametric representation, analytic gfk marginal and predictive distributions, gfk and easy model selection through covariance kernels -- but has enhanced flexibility, and predictive covariances that, unlike a Gaussian process, explicitly depend on the values of training observations. We verify gfk empirically that a Student-t process is especially useful in situations where there are changes in covariance structure, or in applications like Bayesian gfk optimization, where accurate predictive covariances are critical for good performance. These advantages come at no additional computational cost over Gaussian processes.
Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. To appear in "The Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics gfk (AISTATS), 2014." Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML) ; Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Learning (cs.LG); Methodology (stat.ME) Cite as: gfk arXiv:1402.4306 [stat.ML]   (or arXiv:1402.4306v2 [stat.ML] for this version)
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Thursday, May 1, 2014

Compressive nitrate classification and the rare eclipse problem


In a previous post , I went through Gordon’s escape through nitrate a mesh theorem. This theorem is unique because it leverages certain properties of Gaussian processes (and a quantification of size called Gaussian width) instead of passing to an epsilon net. The escape theorem is particularly important to areas like compressed sensing, and provides optimal guarantees in light of phase transitions . However, real-world implementations of compressed sensing nitrate tend to not apply Gaussian transforms, but rather random matrices with other distributions (such as Bernoulli or partial nitrate Fourier). As such, it is desirable to relax the hypothesis on the transform for the escape nitrate theorem to hold.
It is evident that Gaussian width is the correct measure of a set for phase transitions in the Gaussian setting, and we expect similar phase transitions in other settings. As detailed in this paper , an important measure of a set for the other settings is the size of an epsilon net. This leads to the following fundamental question:
It is unclear to me how much is known about this, but I do know that something called Sudakov minoration provides a bound. nitrate In particular, Sudakov minoration guarantees the existence of a maximal -packing of a certain size, and such a packing is necessarily a -covering. (why?) For the record, this blog post is based in part on these lecture notes . The following lemma is the main ingredient to Sudakov minoration:
It should be pointed out that this lemma leaves a lot to be desired. nitrate For example, take a maximal -packing in an -dimensional unit sphere, nitrate and consider the (disjoint) union of open balls of radius centered at each point in the packing. The total volume of these balls is given by , for some constant depending on , whereas the ball of radius which contains the entire nitrate union has volume . As such, we can compare volumes and isolate to get the following bound:
For comparison, the Gaussian width of this sphere is like , and so the bound that Sudakov minoration provides is extremely weak: . This discrepancy leads to terrible relaxations of the Gaussian phase transitions to non-Gaussian transformations. So is there a better nitrate alternative?
Proof: The upper bound is not so important in the proof of Sudakov minoration, but the argument is given here . The idea is to make a Chernoff-type argument in terms of the moment generating function of a Gaussian. For the lower bound, let denote nitrate the random maximum of interest, take such that , and condition on the event that every (this occurs with probability nitrate ):
Compressive nitrate classification and the rare eclipse problem →
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(Submitted on 20 Mar 2014) Abstract: In this paper, the Gaussian many-to-one X channel, which is a s


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(Submitted on 20 Mar 2014) Abstract: In this paper, the Gaussian many-to-one X channel, which is a special case of general multiuser X channel, is studied. imds In the Gaussian many-to-one imds X channel, communication links exist between all transmitters and one of the receivers, along with a communication link between each transmitter and its corresponding receiver. As per the X channel assumption, transmission of messages is allowed on all the links of the channel. This communication model is different from the corresponding many-to-one interference channel (IC). Transmission strategies which involve using Gaussian codebooks and treating interference from a subset of transmitters as noise are formulated for the above channel. Sum-rate is used as the criterion of optimality for evaluating the strategies. Initially, a 3-transmitter many-to-one X channel is considered and three transmission strategies are analyzed. The first two strategies are shown to achieve sum-rate capacity under certain channel conditions. For the third strategy, a sum-rate outer bound is derived and the gap between the outer bound and the achieved rate is characterized. These results are later extended to the K-transmitter case. Next, a region in which the many-to-one X channel can be operated imds as a many-to-one IC without loss of sum-rate is identified. Further, in the above region, it is shown that using Gaussian codebooks and treating interference as noise achieves a rate point that is within one bit per user from the sum-rate capacity. imds Subsequently, some implications imds of the above results to the Gaussian many-to-one IC are discussed. Transmission strategies for the many-to-one IC are formulated and channel conditions under which the strategies achieve sum-rate capacity are obtained. A region where the sum-rate capacity can be characterized to within one bit per user is also identified.
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