Volcanoes | GEOCLASS
Before being presented parts volcanic system, as well as the ways in which the ejected volcanic material, prodstavio'd basics magmatism as a process, as well as the basic feature set of magma. These characteristics are important because they determine the type of volcano, or type of volcanism. Geothermal gradient
The degree of temperature increase with depth is called the geothermal gradient. At only 100 km depth beneath the continents temperature is about 1000 C. Beneath the ocean (because of the proximity layer of the Earth) these temperatures are reached and the much smaller depths (Fig. 1).
Where temperatures melt the rock? Generally, the rock melts at a temperature of about 800 C. Each type of rocks or minerals which have built their melting temperature. It should be noted also that in the rocks is not an exact melting point but it is a temperature range in which can lead to melting of solid material. When melted rock material, resulting magma.
If certain that the rocks melt already above 1000 C, and if we know that the Earth's mantle shows temperatures above 1000 C, the question is why the entire Earth's mantle, or astenosfera not melted? The answer is: because of pressure! In the depths of the Earth ruled by huge pressures.
As we go deeper, it increases proportionally to pressure acting on this wall (litostatički pressure). Thus, the melting temperature of the rocks directly depends on the pressure. As the pressure is higher, the higher the melting temperature. If the rocks tectonic processes moving towards the Earth's surface (its shallow areas), there will be a reduction in pressure applied to it, and then will have a lower melting temperature. Also, the amount of water in the rock (mineral) affects the melting temperature. The amount of water lowers the melting temperature of one wall (Fig. 2).
We have already said that every rock has its melting point or melting temperature intervals. Specifically, each of the minerals that make up a rock with its melting point. This is very important because the "border" melting a rock may be the case that at a certain temperature part of the rock melted, while the other remains in the crystalline (solid) the aggregate state. This process is called partial melting (Fig. Third)
In certain tectonic regimes magma is moving, differentiate plastic and consolidate giving various plastic igneous rocks. Magmatism as the process is directly determined by the dynamics of the Earth, and plate tectonics. In relation to whether the magmatism process as manifested plastic during tectonic activity or after them, divided into sintektonski and posttektonski magmatism. Link tectonics and magmatism is important because it determines the type and kind of igneous rocks. A very important classification of magmatism is to place the consolidation of magma (the creation of igneous rocks). Namely, if the magma never reaches the surface, but is consolidated at a certain depth (forming magmatic bodies that are called plastic general name - Pluto), plastic such magmatism is called intrusive. This name comes from that because there is some kind intrudovnaja, injection of igneous plastic rocks in the Earth's lithosphere. If there is a spill of magma to the surface plastic of the Earth, then it is a volcanic magmatism. Extrusive magmatism is responsible for the processes of volcanism and creating volcanoes. When the magma reaches the surface of the Earth it is called lava.
Magma is built from components of magma that can be divided into highly volatile (H2S, CO, CO2, SO2 ...) and teškoisparljive (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO ...). Konslolidacija magma depends on the depth of magma composition, temperature and internal pressure in the magma. These factors influence the mobility of magma, or its power which is injected plastic into the cracks plastic of Earth's crust.
Quantities of some of the chemical elements are very important plastic because they determine the characteristics of magma. Thus, the content of silicon (SiO 2) is very important, and administratively to him was made and classification of igneous rocks on:
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